REVIEW ARTICLE
- 1Nnodim Johnkennedy 1
- 1Amaobi Rosecollet Ngozi 2
- 1Arinzechi Ekpereamaka Ginika 3
- 1Nnodim Promise Amarachi 4
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Imo State University, Owerri,
*Corresponding Author: 1Nnodim Johnkennedy , 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Imo State University, Owerri,
Citation: 1Nnodim Johnkennedy (2024), Redox signaling a sina aqua non for health.1(1). Medical Case Chronicles and Case Investigations (MCCCI). DOI: https://doi.org/10.64347/3064-710X/MCCCI.005
Copyright: © (2024) 1Nnodim Johnkennedy, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: April 20, 2024 | Accepted: May 10, 2024 | Published: May 15, 2024
Abstract
Redox signaling are critical to overall health and wellbeing because they uphold cellular integrity, facilitate damage repair, and instruct the body to mend itself. It is the intricate equilibrium that exists inside cells between electron donors and acceptors, or oxidants and antioxidants. Important biological processes including gene expression, the immune system, and cell division are regulated by this balance. A disruption in this balance can result in oxidative stress, which has been linked to a number of diseases, such as cancer, heart problems, and neurological issues. One can maximize health and accomplish health objectives by combining supplements made to raise Redox signaling molecule levels, upholding a healthy lifestyle, and minimizing exposure to environmental pollutants.
Keywords: Redox, signaling, health.
Introduction
In a living thing, redox signaling is cellular communication that is necessary for regular cell activity. Redox signaling occurs inside and between cells and is actually essential to a broad range of physiological and metabolic activities. The precise and typically reversible oxidation/reduction alteration of molecules involved in cellular signaling pathways is referred to as "redox signaling." In a cell, oxidoreductive (or redox) signaling is an essential biological activity. Redox signaling is by nature a paracrine (also known as autocrine) system in which signals generated within the cell trigger one or more pathways in nearby (target) cells via a network of local mediators [1].
All of the body's cells create redox signaling chemicals. They either magnify cellular signals for repair, restoration, and replacement, or they transmit the message instructing the cells to activate the antioxidants that have been produced and stored in the body [2].
It is true that oxidative stress causes internal degeneration in the body. It's comparable to rusting. Ageing itself as well as other epigenetic variables like inadequate sleep, stress, poor food, and environmental pollutants cause this rusting. Normal function and the intrinsic cellular defenses are weakened by these epigenetic changes. In summary, the outcome "turns off" genes and genetic pathways [3].
The ability of cells to create and preserve a healthy equilibrium of redox molecules declines.
Decreased levels of redox signaling molecules lead to decreased antioxidant activity, repair, restoration, and replacement capacity of cells[4]. For this reason, aging symptoms and the onset of chronic illnesses appear. The body is made up of around billions of cells. The mitochondria found inside every cell provide the energy required to maintain the body's correct operation.
Redox signaling molecules allow cells to communicate with one another continuously. In every cell, these little molecules serve as the communication hubs. They are extremely ephemeral and function in the body as traffic lights, facilitating the seamless and effective flow of all cellular traffic [5].
Redox signaling molecules alert the body when a cell is injured or not working properly, allowing it to produce new cells, support the immune system, or aid in the healing of damaged tissues. After a cell has completed its life cycle, redox signaling molecules can operate to regenerate and replace it [6].
For the cells to perform at their peak, they need equilibrium.
The body will become alert to the fact that a cell has been harmed or is not working properly when oxidative stress accumulates. An indicator of a problem for a cell is oxidative accumulation, which alerts the genes in the cell's nucleus.
[7].
The mitochondria will continue to create redox signaling molecules when the cells are in balance and operating at their best. But as we become older, this process slows down. The body's capacity to create Redox signaling molecules begins to decline with age, and environmental variables including pollution exposure, stress, poor food, and inactivity can interfere with a cell's ability to communicate.
Unidentified damage to cells can cause them to "rot," which is the main cause of inflammation and a host of other illnesses[8].
Unwanted genes will activate in a cell when homeostasis is not reached. When the body is unable to communicate with these genetic instructions, it may become less capable of regulating healthy activities. The body can no longer renew itself or assist cells in adjusting and recovering if normal cellular function is compromised [10].
Redox signaling molecules have drawn interest from a variety of disciplines, such as biology, medicine, and anti-aging studies. Thankfully, supplements specifically made to stimulate the production of Redox signaling molecules made it possible to raise levels .
The body naturally produces these molecules, which can be further enhanced by healthy eating and activity habits as well as the support of these supplements [11].
Conclusion
One essential biological activity in cells is redox signaling. Redox signaling is a paracrine system by nature, meaning that signals generated within the cell trigger one or more pathways in nearby (target) cells via a network of local mediators.Raising the levels of Redox signaling molecules can postpone the onset of aging indicators like wrinkles and age spots, boost energy, lower stress levels, and more. It can also slow down the aging process by lowering oxidation and inflammation. Regardless of age, one can have a more youthful vibrancy by taking the essential actions to preserve and boost the body's production of Redox signaling molecules.
References
-
Goswami SK (2013) Cellular redox, epigenetics and diseases. Subcell Biochem 61:527–542.
Publisher | Google Scholor -
Allen RG, Tresini M (2000) Oxidative stress and gene regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 28(3):463–499.
Publisher | Google Scholor -
Cyr AR, Domann FE (2011) The redox basis of epigenetic modifications: from mechanisms to functional consequences. Antioxid Redox Signal 15(2):551–589.
Publisher | Google Scholor -
Fernandez-Marcos PJ, Auwerx J (2011) Regulation of PGC-1α, a nodal regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr 93(4):884S–890S.
Publisher | Google Scholor -
Forman HJ, Ursini F, Maiorino M (2014) An overview of mechanisms of redox signaling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 73:2–9.
Publisher | Google Scholor -
Bonaldo P, Sandri M (2013) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy. Dis Model Mech 6(1):25–39.
Publisher | Google Scholor -
Calvani R, Joseph A, Adhihetty PJ (2013) Mitochondrial pathways in sarcopenia of aging and disuse muscle atrophy. Biol Chem 394:393–414
Publisher | Google Scholor -
Forman HJ. Fukuto JM. Torres M(2004). Redox signaling: thiol chemistry defines which reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can act as second messengers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol.287:C246–C256.
Publisher | Google Scholor -
Haddad JJ. (2004) Hypoxia and the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases: gene transcription and the assessment of potential pharmacologic therapeutic interventions. Int Immunopharmacol. ;4:1249–1285.
Publisher | Google Scholor -
Hsieh HJ. Cheng CC. Wu ST. Chiu JJ. Wung BS. Wang DL(1998). Increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in endothelial cells by shear flow and involvement of ROS in shear-induced c-fos expression. J Cell Physiol. 175:156–162.
Publisher | Google Scholor -
Janssen-Heininger YM. Mossman BT. Heintz NH. Forman HJ. Kalyanaraman B. Finkel T. Stamler JS. Rhee SG. van der Vliet A(2008). Redox-based regulation of signal transduction: principles, pitfalls, and promises. Free Radic Biol Med. ;45:1–17.
Publisher | Google Scholor